Korean J Med > Volume 89(3); 2015 > Article |
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Cilostazol (n = 51) | Control (n = 110) | p value | Cilostazol (n = 51) | Control (n = 110) | p value | ||
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Demographics | LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 117.8 ± 44.7 | 129.7 ± 41.1 | 0.096 | |||
Men, n (%) | 33 (65) | 79 (72) | 0.365 | HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 45.9 ± 15.5 | 43.7 ± 12.2 | 0.335 |
Age, yr | 65.3 ± 10.7 | 62.6 ± 11.7 | 0.165 | Triglyceride, mg/dL | 161.7 ± 83.4 | 174.7 ± 113.8 | 0.467 |
Height, cm | 162.8 ± 9.7 | 163.8 ± 8.6 | 0.522 | C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 4.8 ± 9.3 | 6.5 ± 21.5 | 0.587 |
Weight, kg | 64.4 ± 11.7 | 65.9 ± 11.5 | 0.428 | Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.265 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 24.5 ± 3.2 | 0.519 | Echocardiographic findings | |||
Disease entity, n (%) | LV ejection fraction, % | 56.7 ± 5.7 | 57.0 ± 8.0 | 0.836 | |||
Acute coronary syndrome | 32 (63) | 87 (79) | 0.041a | E/Ea | 10.7 ± 3.4 | 10.8 ± 3.8 | 0.809 |
Medical history, n (%) | LA volume index, mL/m2 | 29.8 ± 8.4 | 31.9 ± 12.6 | 0.291 | |||
Current smoker | 12 (24) | 40 (36) | 0.093 | Concomitant medications, n (%) | |||
Hypertension | 31 (61) | 48 (44) | 0.043a | RAAS inhibitor | 37 (73) | 87 (79) | 0.362 |
Diabetes | 19 (37) | 30 (27) | 0.203 | Beta blocker | 30 (59) | 69 (63) | 0.638 |
Stroke | 3 (6) | 3 (3) | 0.329 | Calcium channel blocker | 8 (16) | 18 (16) | 0.914 |
Chronic kidney disease | 2 (4) | 3 (3) | 0.687 | Statin | 49 (94) | 105 (95) | 0.858 |
Previous MI | 4 (8) | 8 (7) | 0.899 | Nitrate | 5 (10) | 21 (19) | 0.138 |
Previous PCI | 9 (18) | 13 (12) | 0.319 | Angiographic findings | |||
Framingham risk score | 14.3 ± 3.6 | 14.2 ± 3.4 | 0.887 | Multivessel disease, n (%) | 41 (80) | 69 (63) | 0.029a |
Laboratory findings | Left main disease, n (%) | 4 (8) | 1 (1) | 0.035a | |||
Hemoglobin, mg/dL | 13.1 ± 1.6 | 13.5 ± 1.5 | 0.141 | Total stent length, mm | 48.9 ± 28.7 | 34.6 ± 20.1 | 0.002a |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 179.1 ± 44.1 | 194.9 ± 45.5 | 0.040a | Stents per patient, n | 1.73 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.005a |
Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated; The control group was comprised of patients treated with both aspirin and clopidogrel; the cilostazol group was comprised of patients treated with cilostazol in addition to the aspirin and clopidogrel regimen.
BMI, body mass index; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LV, left ventricular; E/Ea, early mitral inflow velocity of the septal mitral tissue velocity; LA, left atrium; RAAS, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Variables | Cilostazol (n = 51) | Control (n = 110) | p value | Variables | Cilostazol (n = 51) | Control (n = 110) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brachial SBP, mmHg | rAI, % | ||||||
Baseline | 126.7 ± 17.1 | 126.7 ± 17.4 | 0.595 | Baseline | 78.8 ± 15.4 | 81.8 ± 13.0 | 0.229 |
Follow-up | 120.1 ± 20.8 | 123.9 ± 14.6 | 0.186 | Follow-up | 70.9 ± 15.6 | 83.5 ± 13.6 | < 0.001 |
Mean difference | -5.0 | -2.8 | 0.488 | Mean difference | -7.9 | 1.6 | 0.001 |
95% CI of difference | -12.5 to 2.5 | -7.0 to 1.5 | 95% CI of difference | -14.6 to -1.3 | -1.9 to 5.2 | ||
p value | 0.190 | 0.201 | p value | 0.020a | 0.36 | ||
Brachial DBP, mmHg | rAI75, % | ||||||
Baseline | 70.5 ± 13.3 | 73.6 ± 12.1 | 0.144 | Baseline | 76.8 ± 15.4 | 78.4 ± 12.0 | 0.469 |
Follow-up | 68.0 ± 12.8 | 71.3 ± 10.8 | 0.109 | Follow-up | 71.5 ± 14.7 | 79.0 ± 12.5 | 0.002 |
Mean difference | -2.6 | -2.3 | 0.699 | Mean difference | -5.3 | 1.7 | 0.098 |
95% CI of difference | -7.7 to 2.6 | -5.4 to 0.7 | 95% CI of difference | -11.2 to 0.6 | -2.6 to 3.9 | ||
p value | 0.326 | 0.135 | p value | 0.080 | 0.697 | ||
Heart rate, bpm | Central SBP, mmHg | ||||||
Baseline | 70.3 ± 11.1 | 66.5 ± 10.4 | 0.036 | Baseline | 128.0 ± 13.0 | 130.0 ± 19.9 | 0.572 |
Follow-up | 76.4 ± 14.3 | 64.6 ± 10.0 | < 0.001 | Follow-up | 118.4 ± 21.4 | 128.9 ± 17.8 | 0.001 |
Mean difference | 6.0 | -2.0 | < 0.001 | Mean difference | -9.6 | -1.1 | 0.024 |
95% CI of difference | 1.0 to 11.0 | -4.7 to 0.7 | 95% CI of difference | -17.7 to 1.5 | -6.1 to 3.9 | ||
p value | 0.019a | 0.150 | p value | 0.020a | 0.671 | ||
baPWV (mean), m/sec | Central PP, mmHg | ||||||
Baseline | 16.0 ± 3.2 | 15.7 ± 3.0 | 0.561 | Baseline | 57.5 ± 14.9 | 57.4 ± 13.8 | 0.968 |
Follow-up | 15.6 ± 3.1 | 14.9 ± 3.0 | 0.163 | Follow-up | 50.7 ± 15.7 | 58.9 ± 14.0 | 0.001 |
Mean difference | -0.4 | -0.8 | 0.287 | Mean difference | -6.76 | 1.53 | 0.002 |
95% CI of difference | -1.7 to 0.8 | -1.6 to -3.8 | 95% CI of difference | -12.8 to 0.7 | -2.2 to 5.2 | ||
p value | 0.505 | 0.040a | p value | 0.028a | 0.417 |
Variables |
ΔPWVmean |
ΔrAI |
ΔrAI75 |
ΔCentral SBP |
ΔCentral PP |
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r | p value | r | p value | r | p value | r | p value | r | p value | |
Cilostazol | 0.113 | 0.153 | -0.251a | 0.001a | -0.127 | 0.109 | -0.189a | 0.016a | -0.244a | 0.002a |
Nitrate | 0.136 | 0.086 | 0.013 | 0.875 | 0.038 | 0.629 | -0.026 | 0.744 | -0.032 | 0.689 |
Beta blockers | -0.081 | 0.309 | 0.320a | < 0.001a | 0.263a | 0.001a | 0.174a | 0.027a | 0.297a | < 0.001a |
CCBs | -0.052 | 0.516 | -0.122 | 0.124 | -0.065 | 0.415 | -0.087 | 0.275 | -0.124 | 0.117 |
RAASi | -0.165 | 0.037 | -0.007 | 0.930 | -0.037 | 0.644 | 0.029 | 0.719 | 0.078 | 0.324 |
Statin | 0.104 | 0.191 | 0.019 | 0.808 | -0.012 | 0.879 | 0.137 | 0.083 | 0.091 | 0.250 |
ΔTotal cholesterol | 0.108 | 0.174 | 0.017 | 0.835 | 0.061 | 0.446 | 0.030 | 0.710 | -0.077 | 0.335 |
ΔTriglyceride | 0.026 | 0.772 | 0.088 | 0.328 | 0.073 | 0.414 | 0.121 | 0.176 | 0.078 | 0.388 |
ΔHDL-cholesterol | 0.064 | 0.475 | -0.079 | 0.376 | -0.075 | 0.401 | -0.098 | 0.276 | -0.047 | 0.600 |
ΔLDL-cholesterol | 0.052 | 0.560 | 0.076 | 0.397 | 0.123 | 0.170 | 0.075 | 0.401 | -0.045 | 0.616 |
ΔC-reactive protein | 0.093 | 0.249 | -0.038 | 0.637 | -0.039 | 0.633 | 0.001 | 0.989 | 0.004 | 0.958 |
ΔBrachial SBP | 0.420a | < 0.001a | 0.337a | < 0.001a | 0.334a | < 0.001a | 0.842a | < 0.001a | 0.654a | < 0.001a |
ΔBrachial DBP | 0.475a | < 0.001a | 0.184a | 0.020a | 0.194a | 0.014a | 0.663a | < 0.001a | 0.311a | < 0.001a |
ΔHeart rate | 0.342a | < 0.001a | -0.406a | < 0.001a | -0.254a | 0.001a | -0.166a | 0.035a | -0.307a | < 0.001a |
Δ equates to the interval change of each value.
PWVmean, the mean value of the right and left pulse wave velocity; rAI, radial augmentation index; rAI75, radial augmentation index for a heart rate of 75 bpm; SBP, systolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; RAASi, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
R = 0.607, p <0.001 of ΔPWVmean; R = 0.591, p < 0.001 of ΔrAI; R = 0.427, p <0.001 of ΔrAI75; R = 0.891, p < 0.001 of Δcentral SBP; R = 0.794, p < 0.001 of Δcentral PP; Δ equates to the interval change of each value.
PWVmean, the mean value of the right and left pulse wave velocity; rAI, radial augmentation index; rAI75, radial augmentation index for a heart rate of 75 bpm; SBP, systolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; ACS, acute coronary syndrome.
Subgroup | Patients (n) | ΔPWVmean | ΔrAI | ΔrAI75 | ΔCentral SBP | ΔCentral PP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without beta blocker | Cilostazol | 16 | -0.6 ± 0.3 | -18.3 ± 18.5 | -13.0 ± 15.0 | -18.1 ± 20.7 | -15.3 ± 14.4 |
Control | 46 | -0.5 ± 0.2 | -2.5 ± 13.0 | -1.7 ± 12.8 | -4.0 ± 19.2 | -3.8 ± 14.6 | |
p | 0.825 | < 0.001a | 0.003a | 0.010a | 0.004a | ||
With beta blocker | Cilostazol | 30 | -0.3 ± 2.7 | -0.6 ± 17.3 | 0.2 ± 17.9 | -3.7 ± 26.4 | -0.8 ± 16.1 |
Control | 69 | -1.0 ± 2.3 | 4.1 ± 13.8 | 2.1 ± 12.9 | 0.7 ± 21.6 | 4.7 ± 14.7 | |
p | 0.161 | 0.153 | 0.555 | 0.393 | 0.354 | ||
Without CCB | Cilostazol | 43 | -0.3 ± 2.5 | -7.3 ± 20.9 | -5.0 ± 19.0 | -7.7 ± 25.4 | -5.6 ± 17.2 |
Control | 92 | -0.8 ± 2.1 | 2.4 ± 13.6 | 0.8 ± 12.6 | -0.7 ± 20.8 | 2.2 ± 15.4 | |
p | 0.202 | 0.002a | 0.036a | 0.096 | 0.009a | ||
With CCB | Cilostazol | 8 | -1.0 ± 3.5 | -10.9 ± 12.1 | -6.6 ± 11.1 | -20.3 ± 21.4 | -12.9 ± 14.7 |
Control | 18 | -0.8 ± 2.2 | -2.0 ± 14.7 | -0.2 ± 14.9 | -2.9 ± 21.0 | -1.9 ± 13.9 | |
p | 0.858 | 0.149 | 0.286 | 0.065 | 0.081 | ||
Without RAASi | Cilostazol | 14 | 0.3 ± 2.1 | -11.1 ± 17.7 | -8.9 ± 15.8 | -7.6 ± 18.9 | -9.4 ± 16.4 |
Control | 23 | -0.5 ± 1.8 | 4.0 ± 13.8 | 3.5 ± 12.4 | -2.0 ± 21.9 | 0.6 ± 18.1 | |
p | 0.219 | 0.012a | 0.020a | 0.440 | 0.098 | ||
With RAASi | Cilostazol | 37 | -0.7 ± 2.8 | -6.7 ± 20.5 | -3.9 ± 18.6 | -10.4 ± 27.2 | -5.8 ± 17.2 |
Control | 87 | -0.9 ± 2.2 | 1.0 ± 13.8 | -0.1 ± 13.0 | -0.8 ± 20.5 | 1.8 ± 14.4 | |
p | 0.640 | 0.041a | 0.196 | 0.060 | 0.013a | ||
Age ≤ 60 | Cilostazol | 16 | -0.4 ± 1.6 | -8.8 ± 14.6 | -5.3 ± 11.4 | -10.4 ± 22.4 | -6.30 ± 10.4 |
Control | 49 | -0.8 ± 1.9 | 0.9 ± 14.4 | -0.8 ± 14.1 | -3.4 ± 22.1 | 2.7 ± 15.9 | |
p | 0.403 | 0.023a | 0.251 | 0.028a | 0.039a | ||
Age > 60 | Cilostazol | 35 | -0.4 ± 3.0 | -7.5 ± 21.8 | -5.3 ± 20.3 | -9.3 ± 26.5 | -7.0 ± 19.3 |
Control | 61 | -0.9 ± 2.3 | 2.3 ± 13.4 | 1.81 ± 1.9 | 0.8 ± 19.6 | 0.6 ± 14.6 | |
p | 0.473 | 0.008a | 0.067 | 0.055 | 0.032a |
Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated; Δ equates to the interval change of each value.
PWVmean, the mean value of the right and left pulse wave velocity; rAI, radial augmentation index; rAI75, radial augmentation index for a heart rate of 75 bpm; SBP, systolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; CCB, calcium channel blocker; RAASi, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors.