Korean J Med > Volume 82(5); 2012 > Article |
|
No school or graduated elementary school (n = 199) |
Graduated junior high school (n = 229) |
Graduated senior high school (n = 564) |
Graduated college (n = 467) |
p for trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 63.8 ± 0.5 | 55.5 ± 0.6 | 45.6 ± 0.5 | 37.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Current smoking, % | 52.6 ± 3.0 | 42.6 ± 3.1 | 49.0 ± 1.7 | 38.3 ± 1.8 | 0.001 |
Alcohol intake, g/d | 17.1 ± 2.8 | 18.5 ± 3.0 | 17.4 ± 1.7 | 17.7 ± 1.8 | 0.934 |
Exercise × 3/wk, % | 20.0 ± 2.8 | 27.4 ± 2.9 | 33.3 ± 1.6 | 40.4 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Energy, kcal/d | 2120 ± 56 | 2296 ± 59 | 2411 ± 34 | 2400 ± 36 | <0.001 |
Protein, g/d | 74.1 ± 2.8 | 84.6 ± 2.9 | 93.0 ± 1.7 | 94.2 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Fat, g/d | 39.3 ± 2.2 | 47.2 ± 2.3 | 50.5 ± 1.3 | 52.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrates, g/d | 331.6 ± 8.1 | 346.2 ± 8.6 | 359.9 ± 4.9 | 351.8 ± 5.2 | 0.065 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.1 ± 0.2 | 24.1 ± 0.2 | 24.1 ± 0.1 | 24.1 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
WC, cm | 81.3 ± 0.5 | 84.7 ± 0.5 | 84.4 ± 0.3 | 84.9 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 122.5 ± 0.9 | 125.2 ± 0.9 | 122.5 ± 0.5 | 122.1 ± 0.5 | 0.268 |
DBP, mmHg | 78.9 ± 0.6 | 82.9 ± 0.6 | 80.9 ± 0.4 | 80.5 ± 0.4 | 0.426 |
LDLC, mg/dL | 101.8 ± 1.9 | 112.1 ± 1.9 | 114.9 ± 1.1 | 115.7 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
TG, mg/dL | 148.3 ± 9.3 | 169.3 ± 9.6 | 169.6 ± 5.5 | 156.0 ± 5.7 | 0.814 |
HDLC, mg/dL | 44.3 ± 0.6 | 41.9 ± 0.6 | 42.0 ± 0.4 | 42.0 ± 0.4 | 0.013 |
FPG, mg/dL | 97.1 ± 1.5 | 101.3 ± 1.6 | 97.9 ± 0.9 | 96.7 ± 0.9 | 0.402 |
Components of MS | |||||
Obesity, % | 18.9 ± 2.6 | 27.1 ± 2.7 | 29.0 ± 1.5 | 26.4 ± 1.6 | 0.063 |
Hypertension, % | 32.5 ± 2.8 | 48.7 ± 2.9 | 39.6 ± 1.7 | 37.9 ± 1.7 | 0.704 |
Hypertriglyceridemia, % | 32.9 ± 2.9 | 41.6 ± 3.0 | 39.5 ± 1.7 | 37.9 ± 1.7 | 0.704 |
Low HDLC, % | 39.6 ± 3.0 | 47.4 ± 3.1 | 44.7 ± 1.7 | 46.8 ± 1.8 | 0.127 |
IFG, DM, % | 15.5 ± 2.1 | 18.6 ± 2.2 | 15.5 ± 1.2 | 14.5 ± 1.3 | 0.433 |
MS, % | 21.3 ± 2.6 | 31.8 ± 2.7 | 26.4 ± 1.5 | 25.5 ± 1.6 | 0.608 |
MSa, % | 22.3 ± 2.7 | 30.7 ± 2.9 | 25.8 ± 1.6 | 25.6 ± 1.7 | 0.696 |
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; MS, metabolic syndrome; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; DM, diabetes mellitus.
No school or graduated elementary school (n = 509) |
Graduated junior high school (n = 325) |
Graduated senior high school (n = 683) |
Graduated college (n = 315) |
p for trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 63.8 ± 0.3 | 50.9 ± 0.5 | 40.0 ± 0.3 | 32.8 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
Current smoking, % | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 0.006 |
Alcohol intake, g/d | 3.47 ± 0.53 | 3.13 ± 0.64 | 3.06 ± 0.40 | 0.70 ± 0.50 | 0.002 |
Exercise × 3/wk, % | 18.7 ± 2.1 | 38.4 ± 2.5 | 39.7 ± 1.6 | 41.2 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
Energy, kcal/d | 1739 ± 32 | 1817 ± 38 | 1808 ± 24 | 1835 ± 30 | 0.082 |
Protein, g/d | 61.0 ± 1.6 | 69.8 ± 1.9 | 70.0 ± 1.2 | 72.4 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
Fat, g/d | 32.0 ± 1.2 | 36.7 ± 1.5 | 36.8 ± 0.9 | 40.9 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrates, g/d | 291.3 ± 5.1 | 294.1 ± 6.2 | 291.4 ± 3.8 | 291.5 ± 4.8 | 0.971 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.3 ± 0.1 | 24.7 ± 0.2 | 23.4 ± 0.1 | 22.1 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
WC, cm | 81.0 ± 0.4 | 81.4 ± 0.5 | 77.6 ± 0.3 | 74.7 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 120.2 ± 0.7 | 118.2 ± 0.8 | 114.5 ± 0.5 | 113.1 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
DBP, mmHg | 76.4 ± 0.4 | 77.4 ± 0.5 | 74.0 ± 0.3 | 72.1 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
LDLC, mg/dL | 113.3 ± 1.3 | 117.0 ± 1.5 | 114.4 ± 1.0 | 116.2 ± 1.2 | 0.262 |
TG, mg/dL | 118.9 ± 3.4 | 129.3 ± 4.0 | 114.9 ± 2.5 | 102.0 ± 3.2 | 0.001 |
HDLC, mg/dL | 45.9 ± 0.5 | 45.5 ± 0.6 | 47.0 ± 0.4 | 49.5 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
FPG, mg/dL | 94.7 ± 0.8 | 95.6 ± 1.0 | 92.7 ± 0.6 | 89.8 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
Components of MS | |||||
Obesity, % | 56.6 ± 2.0 | 55.3 ± 2.4 | 35.7 ± 1.5 | 23.9 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Hypertension, % | 31.4 ± 1.7 | 27.3 ± 2.0 | 19.7 ± 1.2 | 18.3 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia, % | 23.9 ± 1.7 | 25.4 ± 2.1 | 19.7 ± 1.3 | 14.0 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Low HDLC, % | 66.3 ± 2.1 | 69.9 ± 2.5 | 64.4 ± 1.6 | 56.4 ± 2.0 | 0.002 |
IFG, DM, % | 14.3 ± 1.2 | 9.6 ± 1.5 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
MS, % | 32.1 ± 1.7 | 30.1 ± 2.0 | 19.7 ± 1.3 | 16.2 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
MSa, % | 30.7 ± 1.8 | 30.7 ± 2.2 | 20.1 ± 1.4 | 16.4 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; MS, metabolic syndrome; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; DM, diabetes mellitus.