1. Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984;1:1311–1315.
2. Kim BJ, Kim JG. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of Helicobacter pylori infections in Korea. Korean J Med 2015;89:133–141.
3. Leodolter A, Kulig M, Brasch H, Meyer-Sabellek W, Willich SN, Malfertheiner P. A meta-analysis comparing eradication, healing and relapse rates in patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric or duodenal ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:1949–1958.
5. Kim JH, Kim HY, Kim NY, et al. Seroepidemiological study of Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic people in South Korea. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;16:969–975.
6. Yim JY, Kim N, Choi SH, et al. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in South Korea. Helicobacter 2007;12:333–340.
9. Tytgat GN. The Sydney system: endoscopic division. Endoscopic appearances in gastritis/duodenitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991;6:223–234.
10. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Correa P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney system. International workshop on the histopathology of gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:1161–1181.
11. Kamada T, Haruma K, Inoue K, Shiotani A. Helicobacter pylori infection and endoscopic gastritis - Kyoto classification of gastritis. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2015;112:982–993.
12. Lee SY. Helicobacter pylori infection and the Kyoto classification of gastritis. Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res 2019;19:81–87.
13. Ohkusa T, Okayasu I, Yamada M, et al. A high frequency of detection of Helicobacter pylori in whitish exudate of gastric ulcer. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991;13:649–655.
14. Kim OZ, Rhee KH, Oh H, et al. Prediction of Helicobacter pylori infection by endoscopic severity of erythematous/exudative gastritis in asymptomatic adults. Korean J Gastroenterol 2022;80:135–141.
16. Lim E, Jo IH, Kim YJ, Chung WC. In situ diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection using the endoscopic Kyoto scoring system. Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res 2021;21:322–332.
17. Kato T, Yagi N, Kamada T, et al. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric mucosa by endoscopic features: a multicenter prospective study. Dig Endosc 2013;25:508–518.
18. Kumar V, Abbas A, Aster JC. Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2021.