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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The Korean Journal of Medicine</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Korean J Med</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1738-9364</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2289-0769</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Journal of Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3904/kjm.2020.95.6.360</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjm-95-6-360</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group>
<subject>What's hot?</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>코로나바이러스감염증-19와 관련된 정신건강 문제</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Psychological Effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sim</surname><given-names>Minyoung</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>심</surname><given-names>민영</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjm-95-6-360"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjm-95-6-360"/>
</contrib>
<aff-alternatives id="af1-kjm-95-6-360">
<aff xml:lang="en">Division of Disaster Mental Health Services, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko">국립정신건강센터 국가트라우마사업부</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-kjm-95-6-360" xml:lang="en">Correspondence to Sim Minyoung, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Disaster Mental Health Services, National Center for Mental Health, 127 Yongmasan-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 04933, Korea Tel: +82-2-2204-0115, Fax: +82-2-2204-0395, E-mail: <email>mdsim@daum.net</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>1</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year></pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>1</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year></pub-date>
<volume>95</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>360</fpage>
<lpage>363</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>9</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>10</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright &#x000A9; 2020 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<license xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread across the world, reducing social interactions and causing substantial psychological distress and economic losses. This review summarizes the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of uncertainty, the loss of autonomy associated with preventive measures, and secondary stressors such as potential future economic losses.</p></trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="ko">
<kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
<kwd>감염병</kwd>
<kwd>심리적 스트레스</kwd>
<kwd>정신건강</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
<kwd>Epidemics</kwd>
<kwd>Psychological distress</kwd>
<kwd>Mental health</kwd>
</kwd-group></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서 론</title>
<p>20세기 들어 인수공통감염병을 중심으로 감염병 유행이 급증하고 있다. 매해 5종의 신종감염병이 출현하고 있으며, 최근 100년 동안 스페인독감, 아시아독감, 홍콩독감, 에이즈가 100만명 이상의 사상자를 낼 정도로 피해 규모가 막대하다. 세계보건기구(World Health Organization, WHO)는 지난 20세기 말 이미 &#x02018;21세기는 전염병의 시대&#x02019;라고 규정한 바 있다.</p>
<p>많은 연구들에서 감염병에 수반되는 심리사회적 문제를 보고하였는데, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 완치자 중 30-40%는 퇴원 후에도 외상후 스트레스 증상, 우울, 불안을 경험하였으며&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-95-6-360">1</xref>&#x005D;, 이러한 정신적 후유증은 1년 후까지 지속되는 것으로 나타났다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjm-95-6-360">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-95-6-360">3</xref>&#x005D;. 감염병 일선에 있는 의료인의 약 10%에서 외상후 스트레스 증상이 보고되었는데&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-95-6-360">4</xref>&#x005D;, 확진자와 접촉 정도가 크고, 가족이 감염되거나 본인이 격리 경험이 있을 때 영향을 더 많이 받았다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-95-6-360">5</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>감염병 유행은 확진자와 업무 종사자뿐 아니라 일반 대중에 까지 불안, 공포, 무력감, 외상후 스트레스 증상과 같은 심리적 문제를 야기한다. 국내의 정신건강 실태조사에 따르면 코로나 바이러스감염증-19 (corona virus disease 19, COVID-19) 유입 9개월 시점에서 유의한 수준의 우울과 불안이 각각 22.1%, 18.9%로 나타났는데&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-95-6-360">6</xref>&#x005D;, COVID-19 유행 전에 우울 고위험군 3.8%였던 것과 비교하였을 때 크게 증가하였음을 알 수 있다.</p>
<p>금세기 들어 최장기간 유행이 지속되고 있는 COVID-19 사태를 맞이하여 COVID-19가 야기할 수 있는 정신건강 문제를 이해할 필요가 있다. 본고에서는 이를 감염병에 내포되어 있는 불확실성, 방역활동과 관련한 문제, 감염병 장기화로 인한 스트레스 측면에서 살펴보고자 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>본 론</title>
<sec>
<title>감염병과 관련된 불확실성</title>
<p>감염병이 다른 재난과 구분되는 특징은 위험요인의 불확실성과 지속성이다. 특히 신종 감염병은 전파양상, 치명률, 백신과 치료제 개발 등 요구되는 정보를 제시할 수 없는 경우가 많다. 유행 초반에 감염방지대책과 권고지침이 자주 변경되는데, 이러한 불확실성은 대중이 지각하는 위험수준을 증가시킨다. 이러한 불확실성은 공포와 불안을 자극하고, 사람들로 하여금 생존에 이득이 되는 전략을 취하게끔 하는데, 여기에는 차별, 혐오, 희생양 찾기가 포함된다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjm-95-6-360">7</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>역사적으로 감염병과 관련한 루머와 혐오는 소수자 그룹이나 사회적 약자를 향해왔으며, 이들은 쉽게 대중의 공포와 분노의 희생양이 되어왔다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-kjm-95-6-360">8</xref>&#x005D;. 그러나 낙인에 대한 염려는 질환을 숨기게 만들어 방역을 어렵게 하고, 감염병뿐 아니라 일반 질환에 대한 보건서비스 접근도 저하시킨다. 뿐만 아니라 건강 행동에 대한 동기를 낮춰 개인의 건강뿐 아니라 보건사회적 측면에서도 부정적인 결과를 야기한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>방역활동의 심리사회적 영향</title>
<p>방역은 감염병의 발생과 확산을 막기 위한 조치로, 마스크 등 보호구를 착용하고 손씻기를 생활화하며, 접촉자를 격리하고, 국민들이 사회적 거리두기를 유지하는 것을 포함한다. COVID-19 유행 초반에는 마스크 부족 신호로 혼란과 불안이 야기되고 보건당국이 마스크 사재기를 감시할 정도로 보호구 확보가 민감한 문제였지만, 시간이 지나면서 오히려 마스크 착용에 대한 거부와 갈등이 사회 문제로 대두되고 있다. 이는 서구사회에서 더 뚜렷하게 나타나고 있는데, Scheid 등&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjm-95-6-360">9</xref>&#x005D;은 마스크 착용에 대한 거부감을 자율성, 소속감, 효능감의 측면에서 분석하였다. 마스크 착용을 강제하였을 때 일부 사람들은 선택권을 박탈당하고 자율성이 침해된다고 느끼며, 특히 강한 남성성을 표방하는 그룹에서 마스크 착용에 더 거부적이라고 보았다.</p>
<p>COVID-19로 봉쇄를 앞둔 1,000만 명의 구글 검색 기록을 분석하였을 때 불안, 미래에 대한 비관적 사고, 수면문제, 자살사고에 대한 검색이 현저하게 증가하였는데, 이는 봉쇄와 격리가 당사자들에게 심각한 불안과 공포를 야기함을 의미한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjm-95-6-360">10</xref>&#x005D;. 격리 경험은 외상후 스트레스 증상을 4배 더 증가시키며&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-kjm-95-6-360">11</xref>&#x005D;, 격리 경험자들은 기침을 하거나 콧물을 보이는 사람과 폐쇄된 장소를 기피하고, 과도하게 손을 씻는 등 상당기간 동안 행동적 변화를 보였다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjm-95-6-360">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-95-6-360">13</xref>&#x005D;. SARS 의료진의 경우 3년 후까지 알코올 사용 증가, 환자와의 접촉을 최소화하는 회피 행동이 지속되었다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-kjm-95-6-360">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-kjm-95-6-360">15</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>격리와 관련된 스트레스는 신속하고 정확한 정보 전달, 의사소통 채널 유지, 필요한 서비스의 제공을 통해 감소시킬 수 있다. 정보가 부족하거나 불균등하게 전달될 때 대중은 잘못된 소문과 루머에 휩싸이기 쉬운데, SNS를 많이 사용할수록 잘못된 정보에 노출될 가능성이 증가하고 스트레스 수준이 더 높아진다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjm-95-6-360">16</xref>&#x005D;. 격리 스트레스를 줄이기 위해서는 격리기간을 최소화하고 이들에 대한 사회적 낙인을 막기 위해 노력해야 한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-kjm-95-6-360">17</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>사회적 거리두기는 감염자와 비감염자가 섞이지 않게 하여 감염병의 유행을 억제하는 방법으로, 감염자를 78.2-99.3%까지 줄일 수 있을 정도로 효과적인 방역 수칙이다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-kjm-95-6-360">18</xref>&#x005D;. 그러나 장기간 지속되는 사회적 거리두기는 정신건강에 위해 요인으로 작용한다. 사회적 거리두기에 수반되는 사회적 상호작용 감소, 자유의 제약, 수면 등 일상생활 패턴의 변화, 무료함, 경제적 손실은 삶의 동기, 의미, 가치에 회의를 유발하며 심리적으로 부정적인 영향을 초래할 수 있다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-kjm-95-6-360">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjm-95-6-360">19</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>사회적 거리두기에 대한 동기가 조절요인으로 작용하는데, 사회적 책무 또는 부모의 규율 때문에 방역지침을 지켜야 한다고 응답한 청소년은 지침 준수율이 높았으며 소속감도 높았다. 반면에 자신이 감염되지 않기 위해서 혹은 사회적 비난을 피하기 위해서라고 응답한 경우 불안감이 높았고, 친구들의 권유 때문이라고 응답한 경우 우울감이 높았다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjm-95-6-360">20</xref>&#x005D;. 사회적 거리두기의 효과를 신뢰하고 자신이 지침을 잘 준수한다고 평가할수록 스트레스, 우울, 불안 수준이 낮았다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjm-95-6-360">21</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>감염병 장기화로 인한 이차 스트레스</title>
<p>COVID-19가 장기화되면서 감염과 관련한 불안이 고착되며, 일상의 변화를 요구받고, 생계에 타격을 입기도 한다. 국내 실태조사 결과 일반인들이 가장 많이 호소하는 스트레스는 자신이 계획하였던 것들을 실행할 수 없다는 것이다. 수입감소, 가계 빚과 같은 경제적 어려움과 부정확한 정보와 가짜뉴스로 인한 혼란도 높은 수준으로 나타났다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-95-6-360">6</xref>&#x005D;.</p>
<p>경제적 어려움은 감염병으로 인한 스트레스를 더욱 악화시키고, 감염병 유행이 장기화될수록 노인, 이주민, 요양원 입소자, 장애인, 정신 질환자 등 기존에 사회적 자원이 취약한 그룹이 더욱 큰 타격을 받게 된다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjm-95-6-360">22</xref>&#x005D;. 학교의 폐쇄와 함께 아동학대가 늘어나며 가정폭력도 증가한다&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjm-95-6-360">23</xref>&#x005D;. 이러한 심리사회적 영향은 감염병이 종식된 뒤에도 장기간 지속될 수 있다. 재난과 관련된 자살은 2-3년에 걸쳐 증가하는 추세를 보이는데&#x005B;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjm-95-6-360">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjm-95-6-360">25</xref>&#x005D;, 신체적 후유증, 불안, 우울, 외상후 스트레스 증상 등 심리적 요인, 실업, 경제적 어려움과 같은 사회적 요인들이 복합적으로 작용하는 것으로 생각된다.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>결 론</title>
<p>감염병은 감염원을 육안으로 확인할 수 없고 치료와 예방 등 많은 불확실성을 내포하고 있으며, 방역활동은 불가피하게 개인의 자율성을 침해하게 된다. 또한 COVID-19 유행이 장기화됨에 따라 불투명한 미래, 경제적 손실, 아동학대와 가정폭력 등 다양한 스트레스가 발생한다. 이러한 심리사회적 부작용은 감염병 종식 이후에도 장기간 지속되기 때문에 COVID-19에 대한 방역활동과 함께 심리방역에 대한 관심과 노력이 지속되어야 할 것이다.</p>
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