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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The Korean Journal of Medicine</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Korean J Med</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1738-9364</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Journal of Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3904/kjm.2014.86.1.30</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjm-86-1-30-5</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group>
<subject>논평</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group xml:lang="en">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>

<title-group>
<article-title>Propranonol의 용량에 따른 식도 정맥류 재출혈 예방</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Prevention of Variceal Rebleeding According to the Dose of Propranolol</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>

<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Jang</surname><given-names>Jae Young</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>장</surname><given-names>재영</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjm-86-1-30-5"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Woong Cheul</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>이</surname><given-names>웅철</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
</contrib>

<aff-alternatives id="af1-kjm-86-1-30-5">
<aff xml:lang="en">Institution for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko">순천향대학교 의과대학 내과학교실, 소화기병센터, 소화기연구소</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
</contrib-group>

<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-kjm-86-1-30-5" xml:lang="en">Correspondence to Jae Young Jang, M.D., Ph.D.&#x02003; Institution for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, 59 Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-887, Korea&#x02003; Tel: +82-2-709-9863, Fax: +82-2-709-9696, E-mail: <email>jyjang@schmc.ac.kr</email></corresp>
</author-notes>

<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>1</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year></pub-date>

<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>1</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year></pub-date>

<volume>86</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>30</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>

<permissions>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright © 2014 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>


<trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Esophageal variceal bleeding is a common complication of liver cirrhosis. Non-selective beta blockers (NSBB) have been
established in numerous studies as one of the medical treatment for cirrhosis, especially in the primary and secondary prevention of
variceal bleeding. The dose of NSBB is adjusted for a reduction in the resting heart rate by 25%, to 55 beat/min, or until the
occurrence of adverse effect. The mean adjusted dose of propranolol in Korean study is 160 mg/day. Nevertheless, low dose
propranolol is frequently used in real clinical field. A study by Kwon et al. showed that effect of propranolol in the prevention for
esophageal rebleeding was superior in maximally-tolerable dose group of propranolol than low dose group. In this editorial, we
have reviewed the studies of prevention for variceal rebleeding focusing on the dose of propranolol. (Korean J Med 2014;86:30-32)</p></trans-abstract>

<kwd-group xml:lang="ko">
<kwd>비선택적 베타 차단제</kwd>
<kwd>간경변증</kwd>
<kwd>식도 정맥류</kwd>
<kwd>재출혈</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>Non-selective beta blocker</kwd>
<kwd>Liver cirrhosis</kwd>
<kwd>Esophageal varix</kwd>
<kwd>Rebleeding</kwd>
</kwd-group></article-meta></front>



<body>
<p>식도 정맥류는 간경변증 환자의 흔한 합병증 중 하나이며[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-86-1-30-5">1</xref>] 치료하지 않으면 약 1/3의 환자에서 진단 후 2년 이내 최초 출혈의 가능성이 있고[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-86-1-30-5">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjm-86-1-30-5">2</xref>] 최초 출혈 이후 1년 이내 약 60%의 환자에서 재출혈이 일어날 수 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjm-86-1-30-5">3</xref>]. 정맥류출혈 환자의 예후는 매우 불량하여 출혈 후 6주간 사망률은 20-30%에 이르며[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjm-86-1-30-5">4</xref>] 따라서 식도정맥류의 재출혈을 예방하기 위한 노력은 매우 중요하다. 현재 정맥류에 의한 재출혈 방지에 대한 비선택적 베타 차단제의 역할은 비교적 잘 정립되어 있으며 간경변증 환자에서 동반되는 혈역학적 변화에 작용하는 것으로 알려져 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjm-86-1-30-5">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-86-1-30-5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-kjm-86-1-30-5">6</xref>]. 문맥압항진증이 있는 환자는 혈장량의 증가로 인한 심박출량 및 내장 혈류유입 증가와 말초 및 내장 혈관 저항의 감소가 발생한다. 이러한 결과로 혈류에 대한 간내 저항의 증가가 문맥압 항진과 관련된 합병증의 발병에 주요한 역할을 한다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjm-86-1-30-5">7</xref>]. 비선택적 베타 차단제의 중요한 혈역학적 효과는 베타 1 수용체에 작용하여 심박출량을 감소시키고 베타 2 수용체에 작용하여 내장 혈관의 수축을 유발시켜 문맥혈류 유입을 감소시키는 데 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-kjm-86-1-30-5">8</xref>].</p>
<p>현재까지 많은 연구가 되어 있는 propranolol은 재출혈 방지에 효과가 있는 비선택적 베타 차단제로 알려져 있다. 국내에서는 2007년 Suk 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjm-86-1-30-5">9</xref>]에 의해 정맥류 재출혈 예방에 최적의 propranolol 용량을 정하기 위한 연구가 있었고 국내 환자에 최적의 propranolol 용량은 154.4 mg이라 보고하였다. 이 연구는 문맥압 항진의 객관적 지표인 간정맥압력차를 이용한 연구인 반면 Kwon 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjm-86-1-30-5">10</xref>]은 임상적 지표인 재출혈에 따른 propranolol의 효과를 비교한 연구를 하였다. 49명의 최대 내약용량(154.7 mg) 사용자 군과 46명의 저용량(39.1 mg) 사용자군을 후향적 비교 분석하여 최대 내약 용량 사용자군에서 저용량 사용자 군에 비해 정맥류 재출혈이 의미 있게 감소하였다고 보고하였다. 이 연구는 propranolol 사용자를 고용량(154.7 mg)군과 저용량(39.1 mg)군으로 비교함으로써 국내 가이드라인[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-kjm-86-1-30-5">11</xref>]에서 제시하고 있는 160 mg의 propranolol이 재출혈 예방에 효과가 있음을 다시 한 번 입증하였다. 실제 임상에서 가이드라인에도 불구하고 저용량의 propranolol이 사용되는 경우가 흔하게 있다는 것을 근거로 하는 현실적인 데이터로 중요한 의미를 갖는다 할 수 있다. 하지만 후향적 연구의 제약으로 약물 효과에 중요한 영향을 줄 수 있는 투약 순응도에 대한 분석이 없는 것이 문제라고 할 수 있으며 또한 부작용에 따른 감량이 있는 환자 군과 최대 내약 용량 사용군 간에 출혈 위험이 차이가 없는 것으로 분석 되었는데 감량한 환자에서 혈역학적 근거인 심박수, 간정맥압력차를 최대 내약 사용군과 비교하였다면 좀 더 좋은 연구가 되었을 것으로 생각한다.</p>
<p>현재 비선택적 베타 차단제가 간경변증 환자에서 재출혈율과 사망률 감소 효과를 보인다는 많은 무작위 대조연구들이 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjm-86-1-30-5">5</xref>]. 이러한 연구결과는 메타 분석을 통해서도 식도정맥류 재출혈 예방에 비선택적 베타 차단제가 효과적이라고 입증되어 있다[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjm-86-1-30-5">12</xref>]. 하지만 이렇게 입증된 비선택적 베타차단제의 효과에도 불구하고 잠재적 부작용과 부적절한 용량의 사용 등에 의해 치료 효과가 제한적이다. Mellinger 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjm-86-1-30-5">13</xref>]은 실제로 가이드라인과 권고 사항에서 F2, F3의 식도 정맥류가 있을 때 일차 출혈 예방으로 비선택적 베타 차단제가 권고 되고 있음에도 불구하고 실제 약물의 사용은 6-22%에 그치고 있다고 보고하고 있으며 Garcia-Tsao 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-kjm-86-1-30-5">14</xref>]은 간경변증 환자에서 비선택적 베타 차단제 사용 환자의 15% 가량이 부작용 때문에 복용을 중단하고 있다고 보고하였다. Ge 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-kjm-86-1-30-5">15</xref>]은 난치성 복수나 간신증후군 혹은 패혈증을 동반한 말기 간경변증의 경우 결국 심혈관계가 보상 능력을 상실하여 비선택적 베타 차단제 사용 시 혈압이 감소하고 실질적 심박출량이 감소하여 약물을 사용하는 환자의 일부에서 생존율을 감소시킨다는 보고를 하였다. 이러한 여러 보고에서 보듯이 비선택적 베타 차단제의 효과는 적절한 약물의 사용, 약물순응도, 부작용의 정도, 간경변의 진행 정도 등 여러 가지 요인이 영향을 줄 수 있다. Kwon 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjm-86-1-30-5">10</xref>]이 이번 호에서 propranolol의 내약 최대 용량의 사용이 식도 정맥류 재출혈의 위험을 줄일 수 있다고 보고하였지만 이 결과는 초기 간경변증이나 말기 간경변증 환자를 제외한 비 대상성 간경변증 환자에 해당함을 주지해야 한다. Krag 등[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjm-86-1-30-5">16</xref>]이 제시한 &#x02018;window hypothesis&#x02019;처럼 비선택적 베타 차단제가 사망률 감소 효과는 없고 부작용의 발생률만 높이는 초기 간경변증 환자나 사망률을 높일 수 있는 심혈관계 보상 능력을 상실한 말기 간경변증 환자의 경우에는 비선택적 베타 차단제의 사용을 신중히 고려해야 한다.</p>
<p>정맥류 재출혈 예방을 위해 비선택적 베타 차단제를 사용할 필요가 있는 환자의 경우 부작용의 발생 여부를 관찰하며 가이드라인에서 권고하고 있는 최대 내약 용량까지 증량을 할 필요가 있으며 복약 순응도를 높이기 위한 적극적인 환자 교육 또한 필요하리라 생각한다.</p>
</body>



<back>



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