1. Kim SM, Lee JS, Lee J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Korea: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. Diabetes Care 2006;29:226–231.
2. Causes of Death Statistics in 2008. 2009. The Statistics Korea.
3. Persy V, D'Haese P. Vascular calcification and bone disease: the calcification paradox. Trends Mol Med 2009;15:405–416.
4. Meschia JF, Gerber TC. Editorial comment: vascular thickness and calcification as markers of atherosclerotic burden. Stroke 2003;34:2372–2373.
5. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults: cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:14–22.
6. Smith SC Jr, Greenland P, Grundy SM. AHA conference proceedings: prevention conference V: beyond secondary prevention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: executive summary: American Heart Association. Circulation 2000;101:111–116.
7. Finn AV, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Correlation between carotid intimal/medial thickness and atherosclerosis: a point of view from pathology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:177–181.
8. Spence JD. Is carotid intima-media thickness a reliable clinical predictor? Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:1299–1300.
9. Mimoun L, Massin P, Steg G. Retinal microvascularisation abnormalities and cardiovascular risk. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2009;102:449–456.
10. Norgaz T, Hobikoglu G, Aksu H, et al. Retinopathy is related to the angiographically detected severity and extent of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int Heart J 2005;46:639–646.
11. Wong TY, Cheung N, Islam FM, et al. Relation of retinopathy to coronary artery calcification: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:51–58.
12. Hiller R, Sperduto RD, Podgor MJ, Ferris FL 3rd, Wilson PW. Diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular disease in type II diabetics: the Framingham Heart Study and the Framingham Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:402–409.
13. Wong TY, Klein R, Sharrett AR, et al. Cerebral white matter lesions, retinopathy, and incident clinical stroke. JAMA 2002;288:67–74.
14. Rema M, Mohan V, Deepa R, Ravikumar R; Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study-2. Association of carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness with diabetic retinopathy: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-2). Diabetes Care 2004;27:1962–1967.
15. Bae JH, Seung KB, Jung HO, et al. Analysis of Korean carotid intima-media thickness in Korean healthy subjects and patients with risk factors: Korea multi-center epidemiological study. Korean Circ J 2005;35:513–524.
16. Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004-2006): an update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd and 4th watching the risk symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;23:75–80.
17. Son JW, Jang EH, Kim MK, et al. Diabetic retinopathy is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;91:253–259.
18. Moon JY, Hur JE, Ak SJ, et al. The limitation in measurement of carotid intima media thickness in type 2 diabetics with or without coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008;16:116–122.
22. Stolar M. Glycemic control and complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 2010;123(Suppl):S3–S11.
23. Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes 2005;54:1615–1625.
24. Fong DS, Aiello L, Gardner TW, et al. Retinopathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27(Suppl 1):S84–S87.